BPC-157 is one of those subjects where the details matter more than the headlines. This page pulls together the background, the mechanisms, and the practical points readers ask about most.
Last reviewed on 2025-10-04. Where a claim depends on a specific study, the study is described rather than over-claimed.
BPC-157 is a synthetic peptide of fifteen amino acids, written in single-letter code as GEPPPGKPADDAGLV. The sequence corresponds to a partial fragment of a protein isolated from human gastric juice, described in early reports as body protection compound. The number 157 refers to a fragment designation in that work rather than to molecular mass. Initial descriptions appeared in the early 1990s, when the fragment was reported to protect gastrointestinal tissue in animal models. Commercial material is produced by solid-phase peptide synthesis rather than extracted from biological sources.
Laboratory research on this peptide has examined a wide and heterogeneous set of endpoints, including gastric ulcer models, tendon and ligament injury, wound closure, and intestinal inflammation. Most published findings come from rodent studies, and reported effect sizes are often large relative to controls. Because the compound has been tested across many unrelated injury models, the literature is frequently described as unusually broad for a single peptide. A substantial share of this work originates from a small number of research groups, which matters when assessing how widely results have been reproduced.
Evidence in humans is limited. Small clinical studies have examined the peptide in contexts such as ulcerative colitis and wound healing, but participant numbers are small and independent replication is scarce. It is not approved as a medicine by major regulatory agencies and is distributed mainly as a research material or compounded preparation. Long-term human safety data are not established, and questions about absorption through non-injected routes remain open rather than resolved. Claims about its effects are best read against these gaps.
BPC-157 is a synthetic peptide built from fifteen amino acid residues. Its sequence comes from a larger protein fragment that researchers isolated from human gastric juice and described as a body protection compound. The fragment contains glycine, glutamic acid, five prolines, lysine, alanine, two aspartic acids, leucine, and valine. The number 157 in the name refers to the position of the stretch within the parent protein. Material used in laboratories is manufactured rather than extracted from stomach fluid.
The molecule carries 15 residues, a molar mass near 1419.5 g/mol, and the formula C62H98N16O22. Its structure features a proline-rich central region, a pair of adjacent aspartic acid residues, and no cysteine. The absence of cysteine means no disulfide bonds can form, which simplifies refolding and reconstitution. Suppliers usually ship the material as a freeze-dried powder that appears white to off-white. It dissolves readily in water and in saline solutions.
Published storage guidance follows general peptide practice rather than product-specific studies. The dry powder is typically kept at minus 20 degrees Celsius, away from light and moisture. Once reconstituted, solutions are generally refrigerated and used over days to weeks, because the aqueous environment slowly promotes hydrolysis and oxidation. Long-term data on degradation rates or breakdown products are sparse. Stated shelf lives from different producers vary widely, reflecting the absence of a shared reference standard.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Class | Synthetic peptide | Linear, fifteen residues |
| Sequence | GEPPPGKPADDAGLV | Single-letter amino acid code |
| Approximate mass | 1419 Da | Value reported for the free peptide |
| Reported origin | Fragment of a gastric juice protein | Used as the design template |
| Common synonyms | Body protection compound 157; PL 14736 | Naming varies across papers and suppliers |
Supplied material is typically a lyophilized white to off-white powder. The peptide is freely soluble in water and in common aqueous buffers, which allows it to be handled as a stock solution. Because the sequence contains no cysteine, disulfide cross-linking is not a route of degradation. The absence of aromatic residues means ultraviolet absorbance at 280 nm is minimal, so quantification usually relies on peptide bond absorbance near 214 nm or on amino acid analysis.
Common synonyms in catalogs include pentadecapeptide BPC 157, BPC157, and the full sequence name. A CAS registry number in the 137525-51-0 range is frequently listed, though the assignment should be verified against the supplier certificate of analysis. The name itself is not a pharmacopoeial designation, and there is no standardized international nonproprietary name. Distinguishing genuine material from related fragments generally requires mass spectrometry, since several truncated sequences share similar chromatographic behavior.
BPC-157 is a synthetic fifteen-amino-acid peptide whose sequence is GEPPPGKPADDAGLV. Its name derives from the phrase body protection compound, a term applied to a protein fraction originally detected in human gastric juice. The short peptide is not that full protein; it corresponds to a stable fragment of the larger molecule. Researchers frequently describe it as a pentadecapeptide because it contains exactly fifteen residues. Its neutral molecular mass is approximately 1419 daltons.
The sequence places several glycine and proline residues near the middle, which may influence how the chain folds in solution. The peptide is linear rather than cyclic, and it carries no disulfide bridges. Commercial material is commonly supplied as the acetate salt, although the free base and other counterion forms also appear. Because the term BPC-157 refers to a specific sequence, samples with slight sequence variants are chemically different substances. Published work generally treats the fifteen-residue sequence as the defining structure.
Physical descriptions in supplier documents and papers usually list the compound as a white to off-white powder. It dissolves readily in water and in common aqueous buffers, and solutions are often prepared fresh before an experiment. Molecular mass near 1419 daltons helps verify identity during mass spectrometry. The powder is somewhat hygroscopic, so moisture exposure can alter the measured mass of a sample. Purity is typically reported as a percentage from chromatographic analysis.
== History == Salvia divinorum has been used as an entheogen by the Mazatec people of Mexico for hundreds of years. The American anthropologist Jean Bassett Johnson made expeditions to Mexico in the mid-to-late 1930s, observed the entheogenic use of Salvia divinorum by the Mazatecs there, and was the first to describe the existence of the plant in 1939. Subsequently, other researchers, including Blas Pablo Reko and Robert J. Weitlaner, also described the plant and its use in the 1940s and 1950s. Arturo Gómez-Pompa classified the plant as belonging to the genus Salvia in 1957, but was unable to completely identify it at the time due to absence of flowering material. Finally, Robert Gordon Wasson and Albert Hofmann collected flowering specimens of the plant in the early 1960s and sent them to Carl Epling, the leading expert on the Salvia genus of the time, who defined the plant as a new species named Salvia divinorum in 1962. Salvinorin A was isolated from Salvia divinorum and identified by Alfredo Ortega and colleagues in 1982. They used a combination of spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography to determine the chemical structure of the compound, which was shown to have a bicyclic diterpene structure. Around the same time, Leander Julián Valdés III independently isolated the molecule as part of his doctoral research, published in 1983. Valdés named the chemical divinorin, and also isolated an analogue that he named divinorin B. The naming was subsequently changed to salvinorin A and salvinorin B after the work was published in 1984. Valdés later isolated salvinorin C as well.
=== Non-antibacterial use === It is well established that tigecycline works as an effective antibiotic; however, it may have other properties that are not yet fully understood. Minocycline has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities, inhibition of proteolysis and suppression of angiogenesis and tumor metastasis. This is a feature not unique to minocycline, with many tetracyclines exhibiting non-antibiotic clinical benefits. Tigecycline has shown in vitro and in vivo activity against acute myeloid leukemia. The antileukemic activity of tigecycline can be attributed to the inhibition of mitochondrial protein translation in eukaryotic cells. Leukemic cells have an increased dependence on mitochondrial function, causing a heightened sensitivity to tigecycline. Tigecycline has also shown anti-cancer properties against several other kinds of tumors, including non-small cell lung cancer, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, and glioblastoma. It also shows good activity against the causative agent of pythiosis.
=== Awards === At E3 2006, BioShock was given several "Games of the Show" awards from various online gaming sites, including GameSpot, IGN, GameSpy and GameTrailers's Trailer of the Year. After the game's release, the 2007 Spike TV Video Game Awards selected BioShock as Game of the Year, Best Xbox 360 Game, and Best Original Score, and nominated it for four awards: Best Shooter, Best Graphics, Best PC Game, and Best Soundtrack. The game also won the 2007 BAFTA "Best Game" award. X-Play also selected it as "Game of the Year", "Best Original Soundtrack", "Best Writing/Story", and "Best Art Direction". Game Informer named BioShock its Game of the Year for 2007. At IGN's "Best of 2007" BioShock was nominated for Game of The Year 2007, and won the award for PC Game of the Year, Best Artistic Design, and Best Use of Sound. GameSpy chose it as the third-best game of the year and gave BioShock the awards for Best Sound, Story, and Art Direction. GameSpot awarded the game for Best Story, while GamePro gave BioShock the Best Story, Xbox 360 and Best Single-Player Shooter awards. BioShock won the "Best Visual Art", "Best Writing", and "Best Audio" awards at the 2008 Game Developers Choice Awards.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
==== Isomers ==== Alternative skeletal isomers of DOBU can also be produced, where the 4-(n-butyl) group of DOBU is replaced with any of the three other butyl isomers, the iso-butyl, sec-butyl and tert-butyl compounds being called DOIB, DOSB, and DOTB, respectively. All are significantly less potent than DOBU, with DOIB being active at around 10–15 mg, and DOSB at 25–30 mg. The most highly branched isomer DOTB was completely inactive in both animal and human trials. However, it was also reported that DOTB and DOAM partially generalized to DOM in animal drug discrimination tests.
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==== Seed-mediated growth ==== Seed-mediated growth is a synthetic method in which small, stable nuclei are grown in a separate chemical environment to a desired size and shape. Seed-mediated methods consist of two different stages: nucleation and growth. Variation of certain factors in the synthesis (e.g. ligand, nucleation time, reducing agent, etc.), can control the final size and shape of nanoparticles, making seed-mediated growth a popular synthetic approach to controlling morphology of nanoparticles. The nucleation stage of seed-mediated growth consists of the reduction of metal ions in a precursor to metal atoms. In order to control the size distribution of the seeds, the period of nucleation should be made short for monodispersity. The LaMer model illustrates this concept. Seeds typically consist small nanoparticles, stabilized by a ligand. Ligands are small, usually organic molecules that bind to the surface of particles, preventing seeds from further growth. Ligands are necessary as they increase the energy barrier of coagulation, preventing agglomeration. The balance between attractive and repulsive forces within colloidal solutions can be modeled by DLVO theory. Ligand binding affinity, and selectivity can be used to control shape and growth. For seed synthesis, a ligand with medium to low binding affinity should be chosen as to allow for exchange during growth phase. The growth of nanoseeds involves placing the seeds into a growth solution.
Briton Callum Tindal-Draper is killed while fighting with the 4th International Legion in Ukraine. 6 November – At Newcastle Crown Court, former GP Thomas Kwan is sentenced to 31 years in prison after posing as a community nurse to inject his mother's partner with a substance that caused him to contract a flesh eating disease following a row over inheritance. 7 November The Bank of England cuts the UK interest rate by 0.25% to 4.75%, but indicates further cuts may take longer than previously thought following the October budget, which it forecasts will lead to price increases. Argentinian authorities announce that three people have been charged in connection with the death of One Direction's Liam Payne. A report into more than 100 allegations of sexual abuse against barrister John Smyth QC, who died in 2018, finds his activities were covered up by the Church of England for several decades. Smyth used his home as a Christian summer camp during the 1970s and 1980s, when the abuse of boys and young men is thought to have happened. The Football Association opens a safeguarding inquiry into a Premiership club official following sexual allegations made by three women. The charity organisation Care England estimates that as a result of the increase in employers' National Insurance contributions and the national minimum wage in the recent budget, that the cost of providing care will increase by over £3,000 per person and that the increases are expected to be passed on to care home residents and their relatives.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
It is a synthetic fifteen-amino-acid peptide whose sequence matches part of a protein found in human gastric juice. It is made by chemical synthesis, not purified from tissue. The name derives from an early fragment label, not from a molecular weight.
The sequence corresponds to a segment of a naturally occurring gastric protein, so related sequence material exists in the body. The peptide itself as sold and studied is a laboratory-synthesized product. Whether an identical free peptide circulates naturally is not established.
No major regulatory agency has approved it as a medicine for any indication. It appears in research supply channels and, in some jurisdictions, in compounded preparations. Clinical use therefore sits outside standard approved-product pathways, and regulatory status varies by country.
It does not occur in the form that is supplied commercially. Its sequence matches a fragment of a larger gastric protein, and the research material is produced synthetically in a laboratory. The fragment described in the early literature is generally the same synthetic pentadecapeptide.